Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (AR) and biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria represent significant challenges in modern medicine, compromising the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies and increasing the risk of chronic infections. The rise in MDR bacteria, capable of resisting multiple antibiotic classes, exacerbates the complexity of treating infections, particularly in vulnerable population such as immunocompromised patients. Biofilm formation, a process by which bacterial communities adhere to surfaces and secrete extracellular matrix substances, provides a protective environment against both host immune responses and antibiotic treatment. These biofilms contribute to persistent infections, as the bacteria within are often more resistant to antibiotics due to altered metabolic states, limited penetration of drugs, and genetic adaptations. The synergistic relationship between AR and biofilm formation creates a formidable barrier to infection control, demanding novel therapeutic strategies such as the development of biofilm-disrupting agents, enhanced diagnostic techniques, and alternative antimicrobial approaches. Addressing the interplay between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation is crucial for combating the growing threat of MDR bacterial infections and improving patient outcomes.