Digital Archaeology the Role of ICT in Preserving and Reconstructing Ancient Civilizations

Abstract

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has fundamentally transformed archaeological practices, offering innovative solutions for preserving, reconstructing, and interpreting ancient civilizations. This paper examines how digital tools—including 3D modeling, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR)—are reshaping archaeological methodologies. Through an analysis of key case studies, the study demonstrates how these technologies enable non-invasive site exploration, precise artifact reconstruction, and dynamic public engagement with cultural heritage.  The research highlights significant advancements, such as AI-driven deciphering of ancient scripts, LiDAR-based discovery of hidden urban structures, and VR reconstructions of lost monuments. However, it also addresses critical challenges, including data authenticity, ethical dilemmas in digital restoration, and the digital divide in archaeological accessibility. The paper argues for a balanced approach that leverages technological innovation while ensuring sustainable and inclusive heritage preservation.  Ultimately, the findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among archaeologists, technologists, and policymakers to maximize the potential of digital archaeology. By bridging cutting-edge ICT with traditional archaeological practices, this field not only enhances academic research but also fosters global public access to humanity’s shared cultural legacy.