Virtual and Augmented Realities in the Fields of Medicine and Healthcare an Analysis of Learning Effectiveness and Potential Applications – A Scoping Review

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Matthias Drossel, Daniel Gläßel, Fatemeh Nasri, Gerald Schmola

Abstract

In recent years, the integration of virtual reality, augmented reality and extended reality into medical education and healthcare has become increasingly important. These technologies offer new opportunities for the training of healthcare professionals by creating realistic simulations and interactive learning environments. While the application of these technologies is promising, there is still a lack of knowledge about their actual impact on learning.


This scoping review analyzes simulations, VR and XR in the field of medicine and healthcare. It analyzes not only the learning effectiveness among trainees and students, but also varieties of the practical skills, clinical reasoning ability, engagement and acceptance of digital teaching methods. The aim of this scoping review is to determine the evidence on the effectiveness of simulations in learning, VR and XR in the medical and healthcare fields. A further aim is to identify potential areas for improvement in the implementation and retention of technologies. This paper consolidates the current situation and status of virtual and augmented realities internationally. A total of 36 articles were selected that reflect the use of VR/AR/XR technologies in the medical and healthcare sector.


Training in the medical and healthcare sector can greatly benefit from integrating VR/AR/XR technologies. These tools enhance spatial understanding of anatomical structures and complex procedures, such as surgery, while offering interactive virtual models that prepare trainees for clinical scenarios. Beyond improving specialized knowledge, VR/AR/XR fosters motivation and engagement, making learning more dynamic and effective—particularly in practice-intensive fields like surgery.

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