Experimental Study to Improve the Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Using Industrial Waste: A Review

Abstract

Recent studies underscore the promise of geopolymer concrete (GPC) and alkali-activated materials (AAMs) as eco-friendly substitutes for conventional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Research has focused on the mechanical characteristics, durability, and environmental advantages of GPC made from materials such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The application of machine learning techniques, especially Gene Expression Programming (GEP), has proven effective in predicting the compressive strength of GPC, thereby minimizing the necessity for extensive physical testing. Furthermore, investigations into recycled geopolymer cement (RGPC) indicate that integrating up to 60% RGPC into new mixtures preserves mechanical properties, highlighting the material's recyclability. GPC is noted for its enhanced load-bearing capacity, reduced shrinkage, and greater resistance to chemical degradation. The maturity method has also been successfully employed to track strength development in AAMs, while managing sodium hydroxide concentrations can help control alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion, thereby improving durability. Ultimately, the implementation of geopolymer concrete and AAMs can significantly lower carbon emissions linked to cement production, offering a practical solution for sustainable construction and effectively addressing environmental issues while preserving or enhancing the mechanical properties of traditional concrete.