Optimized Approaches for Enhancing Electric Vehicle Performance Using Eco-Friendly Refrigerants in Air Conditioning Systems

Abstract

This study analyzes the performance of automotive air-conditioning systems using different refrigerants, focusing on key operating conditions and energy management. Typical operating conditions for refrigeration systems include ambient temperatures between 25°C and 45°C, with evaporator inlet temperatures of 5°C to 10°C and condenser inlet temperatures from 30°C to 50°C. For heating, ambient conditions range from -10°C to 10°C, with heater core inlet temperatures around 70°C to 90°C. The refrigerants studied include R-744, R-1234yf, R-1234ze, and R-152a, with R-744 demonstrating the highest coefficient of performance (COP) at 2.41, making it the most efficient in converting electrical energy into cooling effects. Additionally, R-744 showed lower power consumption (870 W) compared to R-152a (1328 W), indicating its superior energy management. R-744 also maintained stable condensation rates, which enhanced the reliability of the system, in contrast to the variability seen with other refrigerants. MATLAB tools, such as the Optimization Toolbox, were employed to optimize refrigerant selection, component sizing, and operating conditions through simulations. Techniques like genetic algorithms and gradient descent were applied to improve system efficiency under varying conditions. By using these MATLAB optimization techniques, the study was able to refine system performance. As an eco-friendly refrigerant, R-744 aligns with global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making it the preferred option for electric vehicles. While R-1234yf and R-1234ze performed adequately, their lower COPs and higher energy demands position R-744 as the optimal choice for improving vehicle air-conditioning system performance.