Advancements in the Imaging Techniques for Detection of Skeletal Pathologies: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The study of skeletal pathologies and anomalies is pivotal for comprehending human health, evolution, migratory patterns and investigation in forensic science. Influential factors including age, gender, genetic predisposition, and traumatic history significantly impact the manifestation of these anomalies. Conventional methodologies like morphological examination, histology, and osteometry have been complemented by cutting-edge techniques such as radiography, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and 3D imaging, notably enhancing diagnostic precision and the detection of skeletal conditions like osteoporosis, fractures, and congenital malformations. Laser scanning devices and active surface scanners contribute to monitoring the progression of pathologies and facilitating informed healthcare decisions. 3D imaging, facilitated by CT/MRI technologies, proficiently discerns craniofacial issues and spinal deformities. Molecular and biochemical analyses proficiently identify bone-related pathologies through biomarkers, even in minute quantities. Case studies that juxtapose various pathologies underscore the importance of osteological collections and the utility of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in assessing bone mineral density. In the field of forensic examination, identifying anomalies assumes paramount importance in ascertaining identity, cause of death, and uncovering potential instances of abuse. Future trajectories encompass the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in imaging, integration of diverse imaging modalities, and leveraging 3D printing for tailored surgical aids. Establishing standard protocols and integrating clinical data stand to bolster accuracy in skeletal analysis. Studies stress the need for AI technique validation against traditional methods and advocate standardization for result comparability. Continual refinement of techniques is indispensable for broader implementation and more accurate detection of skeletal anomalies.