Biodiesel Blends for Sustainable Transportation: Comprehensive Performance, Emission and Fuel Characteristics Analysis of Hybrid with Nanoparticles

Abstract

This study presents an in-depth evaluation of the performance, emission characteristics, and fuel quality of many hybrid biodiesel blends, with a focus on the leading candidate, WCO + Karanja with Nanoparticles (NP). Comprehensive engine testing reveals better braking power and thermal efficiency, as well as reduced CO, CO₂, and NO_x emissions for WCO + Karanja with NP. The fuel characteristics analysis demonstrates that this blend has a favourable density, flash point, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and a high calorific value, establishing it as a sustainable and efficient alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. The findings contribute to the current debate over environmentally acceptable transportation fuels.