Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies: Battery Advancements, Charging Infrastructure and Future Prospects

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) constitute a revolutionary change in the field of transportation technology, which is associated with important environmental and financial benefits when compared to traditional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE). This is due to the fact that this review focuses on a thorough analysis of the present and future of the electric vehicle technologies with specific attention given to battery technologies, charging infrastructure, and the market trends. Recent advancements since 2021 to 2026 have been synthesized in the paper to examine several architectures of EVs such as Battery Electric Vehicles ( BEVs ), Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( HEVs ), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( PHEVs ) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles ( FCEVs ). Emerging battery technologies which include solid-state batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries are given particular attention. The update on the charge infrastructure advancement between AC Level 1 and DC Fast charging is explained and the recent advancement on ultra-fast charging networks. The prevailing market trends indicate that the global battery technology market of EV is estimated to be 98.65 billion dollars in 2025, and will be 156.95 billion dollars in 2031[1]. In this paper, the author has named the main technological obstacles as range constraints, charge time, battery prices, and infrastructure shortages and provided the hopeful solutions as solid-state batteries designed by Toyota to achieve 750-mile range and 10-minute charge time by 2027-2028[2]. The conclusion of the analysis is that further development of battery chemistry, the extension of charging systems, and the relevant governmental policies will stimulate EV adoption and fundamentally transform the automotive industry in the world.